¿Afecta la hidradenitis supurativa a la calidad de vida del paciente? Una revision de la literatura / Does hidradenitis suppurativa affect the patient's quality of life? A review of the literature

La hidradenitis supurativa es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica debida a la obstrucción de un folículo piloso, que da lugar a la formación de nódulos. Se desconoce la etiología concreta. Algunos factores desencadenantes son los antecedentes familiares, la obesidad, el hábito tabáquico, la ropa ajustada y los factores hormonales e inmunológicos, entre otros. La sintomatología típica es dolor, supuración, prurito y mal olor, y puede llegar a generar cicatrices, fístulas y tunelizaciones. Las localizaciones de las lesiones típicas son en axilas, zona inguinal, perianal y zona mamaria. Cursa con brotes y no es contagiosa. Dependiendo del estadio existen diferentes tratamientos para esta. El diagnóstico se basa en una entrevista sobre los antecedentes familiares, la localización de las lesiones, las manifestaciones clínicas y la alta recurrencia de la enfermedad. Afecta a un 1% de la población mundial, con mayor incidencia a las mujeres. Objetivos: Investigar si la patología afecta a la calidad de vida de los pacientes y averiguar las repercusiones en esta. Metodología: Se realizó mediante una revisión sistemática de los últimos 5 años, tanto de la hidradenitis supurativa como de la pregunta a estudio en las siguientes bases de datos: Google Académico, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus y Cochrane. Resultados: Los pacientes refieren tener una peor calidad de vida debido a síntomas de la hidradenitis supurativa, como el dolor, prurito y mal olor. Estos afectan en su vida diaria, vida laboral y relaciones sociales, entre otros. Conclusiones: Tras la búsqueda, se afirma la pregunta de estudio. La calidad de vida del paciente con hidradenitis supurativa está disminuida y deteriorada debido a los síntomas que la cursan. Además, conlleva una serie de comorbilidades tanto psicológicas como personales (AU)

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic autoimmune disease due to the obstruction of a hair follicle leading to the formation of nodules. The specific etiology is unknown. Some triggers are family history, obesity, smoking, tight clothing, hormonal and immunological factors, among others. The typical symptomatology is pain, suppuration, itching, bad smell and can generate scars, fistulas and tunnels. Typical lesion locations are in the armpits, inguinal, perianal, and mammary areas. It has outbreaks and is not contagious. Depending on the stage there are different treatments for it. The diagnosis is based on an interview on the family history, location of the lesions, clinical manifestations and high recurrence of the disease. It affects 1% of the world population, with a higher incidence in women. Objectives Investigate whether the pathology affects the quality of life of patients and find out the repercussions on it. Methods: It was carried out through a systematic review of the last five years of both hidradenitis suppurativa and the question under study in the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Results: Patients reported having a poorer quality of life due to symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa such as pain, itching and a bad smell. These affect their daily life, work life, social relationships, among others Conclusions: After the search, the study question is affirmed. The quality of life of the patient with hidradenitis suppurativa is diminished and deteriorated due to the symptoms that occur. In addition, it carries a series of psychological and personal comorbidities (AU)

Reacción inflamatoria sistémica y activación de citoquinas tras la cirugía abierta de aorta abdominal con medidas perioperatorias fast-track. Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado / The systemic inflammatory response and cytokines release in open abdominal aortic surgery with fast-track versus conventional perioperative management. A prospective randomised study

Introducción: Nuestro objetivo es medir la incidencia del síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS) y la liberación de citoquinas en pacientes intervenidos de cirugía abierta de aorta abdominal con medidas perioperatorias fast-track en comparación con las convencionales. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado unicéntrico de octubre de 2015 a noviembre de 2017. Incluimos pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de cirugía abierta de aorta abdominal. Establecimos un grupo fast-track (GFT) y un grupo convencional (GC). El manejo fast-track consistió en: ingesta de bebida carbohidratada 2 h preoperatorias, analgesia con elastómero preperitoneal, movilización y dieta temprana. Registramos variables demográficas y perioperatorias, concentraciones de citoquinas séricas (TNFalfa, IL-1Beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e IL-12p70) basales, a las 8, 24 y 48 h postoperatorias, incidencia de SIRS en las primeras 72 h postoperatorias y complicaciones en el ingreso. Resultados: Se incluyeron 49 pacientes (GFT: 26, GC: 23) con edad media de 67,8 ± 8,6 años, 91,8% hombres. Ambos grupos fueron comparables en variables demográficas y perioperatorias, excepto en índice de masa corporal (GFT: 25,67 ± 3,07 vs. GC: 29,29 ± 4,66 [p=0,008]) y tiempo de clampaje (FT:52,4 ± 12,63 vs. GC: 63,91 ± 14,34 min [p=0,005]). La incidencia de SIRS en GFT vs. GC fue 38,5% vs. 45,5%, 38,5% vs. 45,5%, 23,1% vs. 26,1%, 15,4% vs. 19% (p > 0,05) a las 8, 24, 48 y 72 h postoperatorias respectivamente. Evidenciamos una mayor liberación de IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y TNFalfa en GC en comparación con GFT. A las 8 h, IL-6 alcanzó un aumento estadísticamente significativo respecto al valor basal en GC (p = 0,045). A las 24h, la IL-10 aumentó respecto al valor inicial, siendo estadísticamente más elevada en GC en comparación con GFT (p = 0,024). En GC 6/23 (26,1%) presentaron insuficiencia renal aguda y en GFT 1/26 (3,8%) (p = 0,041). Conclusiones: La CA de aorta abdominal implica una elevada incidencia de SIRS. Aunque IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y TNFalfa aumentan después de la cirugía en ambos grupos, el manejo perioperatorio fast-track pareció modular solo la liberación de IL-6 e IL-10. Necesitamos más estudios para valorar las citoquinas como biomarcadores de pronóstico

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and cytokines release in patients after open abdominal aortic surgery with fast-track compared to those with conventional peri-operative management. Material and methods A prospective, single centre, randomised study was conducted from October 2015-November 2017 that included consecutive patients undergoing open abdominal aortic surgery. Two groups were established: fast-track group (GFT) and conventional group (GC) depending on the peri-operative management. GFT peri-operative management consisted of: a carbohydrate drink 2hours before surgery, analgesia using pre-peritoneal elastomer, mobilisation, and early diet. The main demographic and perioperative variables were collected, and the levels of serum cytokines (TNFalfa, IL-1Beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70) were analysed at baseline, 8, 24, and 48 hours, post-operatively. The SIRS incidence was recorded in the first 72hours after surgery, as well as the mortality and complications rate during admission. Results: A total of 49 patients were included (GFT: 26, GC: 23) with a mean age of 67.8±8.6 years, of whom 91.8% were men. Both groups were comparable in demographic and perioperative variables, except in terms of the pre-operative body mass index: GFT: 25.67±3.07 vs. GC: 29.29 ± 4.66 (P=.008) and total clamping time: GFT: 52.4±12.63 vs. GC: 63.91 ± 14.34 min (P=.005). The incidence of SIRS in GFT vs. GC was 38.5% vs. 45.5%, 38.5% vs. 45.5%, 23.1% vs. 26.1%, 15.4% vs. 19% (P>.05) at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively, respectively. As regards serum cytokines, a higher release of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFα in GC was observed compared to GFT. At 8 h, IL-6 reached a statistically significant increase compared to baseline in GC (P = .045). At 24h, the IL-10 increased compared to the baseline, and was statistically higher in GC compared to GFT (P =.024). Acute renal failure was observed in the GC (6/23, 26.1%) and 1/26 (3.8%) in GFT (P = .041). Conclusions: Open abdominal aortic surgery showed a high incidence of SIRS. Although IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFalfa serum increased after open abdominal aortic surgery in both groups, fast-track peri-operative management seemed to modulate only IL-6 and IL-10 release. More studies are required to evaluate cytokines as biomarkers to measure outcome

[Acquired hemophilia A revealing lung cancer]. / Une hémophilie A acquise ayant révélé un cancer du poumon.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare disease, defined by the production of anti-factor VIII antibodies causing disordered hemostasis. It is idiopathic in 50% of cases, but sometimes associated with solid tumors. We report a case where AHA led to the diagnosis of lung cancer. CASE REPORT: An 82-year-old man with spontaneous hematomas on his trunk and extremities, and isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time was admitted to the emergency room. A severely reduced factor VIII level and a high factor VIII inhibitor title confirmed the diagnosis of AHA. Thoracic computed tomography scan found a suspect lung nodule and biopsy was consistent with a primary lung adenocarcinoma. The patient received recombinant factor VIII, immunosuppressive therapies, and finally lung stereotactic radiotherapy. Thirty months after diagnosis, the patient is in complete remission both from AHA and from his lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired hemophilia A is a rare but potentially severe disease, which may be idiopathic or linked to a solid tumor. The severity of AHA depends on both the volume of hemorrhage and the presence of associated diseases.

Impact of a stewardship program on bacteraemia in adult inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality among inpatients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a stewardship program on clinical and antimicrobial therapy-related outcomes in patients with bacteraemia. METHODS: Single-centre, before-and-after quasi-experimental study in adult inpatients. Over 1 January 2013 to 31 June 2013 all patients aged 18 years or older with a bacteraemia (interven-tion group, N=200) were compared to a historical cohort (1 Janu-ary 2012 to 31 December 2012) (control group, N=200). RESULTS: Following blood culture results and adjusting for potential confounders, the stewardship program was associated with more changes to antibiotic regimens (adjusted odds ratio [ORa]: 4.6, 95% CI 2.9, 7.4), more adjustments to antimicrobial therapy (ORa: 2.4, 95% CI 1.5, 3.8), and better source control in the first five days (ORa 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7). In the subgroup that initially received inappropriate empiric treatment (n=138), the intervention was associated with more antibiotic changes (OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.8, 8.5) and a better choice of definitive antimicrobial therapy (OR 2.3 95% CI: 1.2, 4.6). There were also more antibiotic changes in the subgroups with both Gram-negative (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.9; n=217) and Gram-positive (OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.8, 9.9; n=135) bacteraemia among those receiving the intervention, while the Gram-positive subgroup also received more appropriate definitive antimicrobial therapy (OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.8, 8.8). CONCLUSIONS: The stewardship program improved treatment of patients with bacteraemia and appropriateness of therapy.

Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado sobre el impacto de las medidas fast track en la cirugía abierta de aneurismas de aorta abdominal / Randomised, prospective study on the impact of fast track measures in the open surgery of abdominal aortic aneurysms

INTRODUCCIÓN: La implantación de las medidas fast track (FT) en la reparación abierta (RA) de aneurismas de aorta abdominal (AAA) no está convenientemente evaluada en nuestro medio. OBJETIVO: Queremos valorar el impacto de la instauración de medidas FT en nuestros pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado (grupo control, grupo FT) de pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de manera electiva de AAA >55 mm infrarrenal por vía retroperitoneal mediante injerto recto. En el grupo FT se instauran medidas de optimización perioperatorias: ausencia de preparación intestinal, reducción del ayuno preoperatorio, administración de bebida carbohidratada 2 h antes de la intervención, control del dolor con elastómero preperitoneal, movilización y dieta precoces. Hemos comparado las variables postoperatorias: síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS) postoperatorio, necesidad de transfusión, estancia en reanimación, días de ingreso y reintervenciones. RESULTADOS: De julio de 2011 a enero de 2014 se ha incluido a 38 pacientes (edad 68 años DE = 6,28; 97,4% hombres), 24 pacientes en grupo control y 14 en el grupo FT. La media de días de ingreso (6,17 vs. 4,64 en grupo FT) y de transfusiones son menores en el grupo FT (p < 0,05). La estancia en reanimación y las reintervenciones son menores en el grupo FT, aunque sin significación estadística. La incidencia de SIRS tras 48 h desde la intervención en el grupo FT fue 21,4% y del 54,16% en el grupo control (RR = 0,38; IC 95%: 0,15-0,61). CONCLUSIONES: Las medidas de optimización tipo FT podrían disminuir la incidencia de SIRS y reducir la estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes intervenidos de AAA

INTRODUCTION: Implementation of fast track (FT) measures for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) open repair (OR) has not been sufficiently evaluated in our area. OBJECTIVE: The impact of implementing FT measures in our patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, randomised study (control and FT groups) was designed and conducted on patients with an infrarenal AAA >55 mm between July 2011 and January 2014 undergoing elective OR by retroperitoneal approach using straight graft interposition were included. The following perioperative optimisation measures were established in the FT group: No bowel preparation, reduced pre-operative fasting, administration of carbohydrate drink up to 2 h before surgery, pain control with pre-peritoneal elastomer, early onset of mobilisation and diet. A comparison was made of the postoperative variables: Postoperative systematic immune response syndrome (SIRS), need for transfusion, stay in resuscitation, hospital stay, and further interventions. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients were included, with a mean age of 68 years (SD = 6.28), of which 97.4% were men. There were 24 patients in control group and 14 in FT group. No statistically significant differences (NSSD) were found in comorbidities of both groups. Mean hospital stay was 6.17 vs. 4.64 days in the FT group, and transfusions were lower in the FT group, with statistically significant differences. Stay in resuscitation unit and re-interventions were also lower in FT group, although NSSD. The incidence of SIRS 48 h after surgery in FT group was 21.4% compared to 54.16% in control group (RR = 0.38, 95% CI; 0.15 - 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: The FT optimisation measures may reduce the incidence of SIRS, and reduce hospital stay in patients undergoing open repair of AAA

Evolución del perfil de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía abierta de aneurisma de aorta abdominal en la era endovascular / Changes in the profile of patients subjected to open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the endovascular era

INTRODUCCIÓN: El incremento del uso de la cirugía endovascular en el tratamiento del aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) puede haber modificado el perfil de los pacientes que son tratados mediante cirugía abierta (CA) y sus resultados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evolución, las características clínicas y anatómicas de los pacientes tratados mediante CA electiva de AAA en los últimos años en nuestro servicio y su relación con los resultados postoperatorios. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes tratados mediante CA electiva de AAA entre 2008 y 2014 con TAC preoperatoria disponible. Registramos: datos demográficos (edad, sexo), comorbilidad (cardíaca, respiratoria, renal), medicación preoperatoria, características anatómicas (diámetro, longitud, calcificación, trombo y angulación del cuello aórtico proximal) y parámetros analíticos. Definimos cuello aórtico proximal hostil como: <10 mm de longitud o >50% de la circunferencia de trombo o >50% calcificación o angulación infrarrenal >60°. Registramos: mortalidad, complicaciones, reintervenciones y reingresos. Dividimos la muestra en 2 periodos: 1 (2008-2011) y 2 (2012-2014). RESULTADOS: Incluimos a 107 pacientes con edad media de 69,26 años (DE = 6,239). El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue 28,39 meses (DE = 23,13) con una supervivencia del 78,6% (n = 92) a los 64 meses. En el periodo 2 aumentó la incidencia de cuello hostil (45,2 vs. 64,6%; p < 0,05) y la calcificación >50% en el cuello aórtico (8,1 vs. 24,1%; p < 0,05). También en el periodo 2 se requirió un mayor número de transfusiones sanguíneas (26,2 vs. 56,9%; p < 0,05) pero se produjeron menos complicaciones cardiológicas en los 30 primeros días (16,7 vs. 4,6%; p < 0,05). Las tasas de mortalidad, reintervención y reingreso fueron similares en ambos periodos (p > 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestra serie los pacientes tratados mediante CA de AAA presentan características anatómicas progresivamente menos favorables, sin que ello se acompañe de una mayor morbimortalidad postoperatoria

INTRODUCTION: The increasing use of endovascular repair in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) may have modified the profile of patients undergoing open repair (OR), as well as the results. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate the clinical and anatomical characteristics of patients with AAA undergoing elective OR in our department over the last few years, and their relationship with the post-operative results. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients undergoing elective AAA OR between 2008 and 2014 and who had a pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scan available. The following variables were recorded: Demographics (age, gender), comorbidities (cardiac, respiratory, renal), pre-operative medication, anatomical characteristics (proximal neck diameter, length, calcification, thrombus, and angulation), and blood test parameters. A hostile proximal infrarenal aortic neck was defined as: <10 mm length and/or >50% circumference thrombus and/or >50% calcification and/or >60° angulation. The mortality, complications, re-interventions and re-admissions were recorded. The sample was divided into 2 periods: 1 (2008-2011) and 2 (2012-2014). RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were included, with mean age of 69.26 years (SD = 6.239). Mean follow-up was 28.39 months (SD = 23.13), with a survival rate of 78.6% (n = 12) at 64 months. It was found that there was a greater incidence of hostile neck (45.2 vs. 64.6%; P<.05) and proximal neck calcification >50% (8.1 vs. 24.1%; P<.05) in the second period of time. During period 2 a greater number of blood transfusions were required (26.2 vs. 56.9%; P<.05), but fewer cardiac complications were recorded during the first 30 days post-surgery (16.7 vs. 4.6%; P<.05). The mortality, re-intervention, and re-admission rates were similar in both periods (P>.05). CONCLUSION: In our series, the patients with AAA who underwent elective OR showed increasingly less favourable anatomical characteristics, but this does not lead to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality

Rotura de aneurisma gigante de arteria esplénica / Giant splenic artery aneurysm rupture

No disponible

Implementation and assessment of a fast-track programme to improve communication between primary and specialized care in patients with suspected cancer: how to shorten time between initial symptoms of cancer, diagnosis and initiation of treatment

Purpose. This study aims to asses a cancer fast-track programme (CFP) to shorten the time since a patient with suspicion of cancer is referred by the primary care (PC) physician to the specialized medical team. Methods. Guidelines for main suspected tumours were designed to help PC physicians to detect and rapidly refer cases to the CFP oncology coordinator, who sent them to the appropriate department to accelerate diagnosis, staging and therapy. All patients analysed in this report were referred from June 2009 to July 2012. Results. A total of 897 suspected cancer cases were submitted and finally 705 were studied. In 205 (29 %) a cancer diagnosis was confirmed within 23 days (median). Therapy was initiated within 46 days after referral (median). Early diagnoses with a potential curative approach were made in 166 (82 %). Conclusions. This CFP decreased the waiting time for cancer diagnosis, by improving communication between PC physician and specialized care teams. Most patients included in this program could get therapy with curative intent (AU)

No disponible

Implementation and assessment of a fast-track programme to improve communication between primary and specialized care in patients with suspected cancer: how to shorten time between initial symptoms of cancer, diagnosis and initiation of treatment.

PURPOSE: This study aims to asses a cancer fast-track programme (CFP) to shorten the time since a patient with suspicion of cancer is referred by the primary care (PC) physician to the specialized medical team. METHODS: Guidelines for main suspected tumours were designed to help PC physicians to detect and rapidly refer cases to the CFP oncology coordinator, who sent them to the appropriate department to accelerate diagnosis, staging and therapy. All patients analysed in this report were referred from June 2009 to July 2012. RESULTS: A total of 897 suspected cancer cases were submitted and finally 705 were studied. In 205 (29 %) a cancer diagnosis was confirmed within 23 days (median). Therapy was initiated within 46 days after referral (median). Early diagnoses with a potential curative approach were made in 166 (82 %). CONCLUSIONS: This CFP decreased the waiting time for cancer diagnosis, by improving communication between PC physician and specialized care teams. Most patients included in this program could get therapy with curative intent.

Drogas emergentes (III): plantas y hongos alucinógenos / Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms

Se ha observado un aumento del consumo de sustancias vegetales con efecto alucinógeno, algunas de ellas asociadas a ceremonias religiosas ancestrales, siendo muchas de estas sustancias legales o con una regulación parcial. Salvia divinorum es un potente agonista de los receptores kappa, con propiedades disociativas y alucinógenas, de inicio rápido y corta duración. El Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa), posee como alcaloide principal la mitraginina, con efectos estimulantes a dosis bajas (efecto coca-like), y efectos sedativos (efecto opioide-like) a dosis altas. Se han detectado varias muertes asociadas a su consumo. El consumo de hongos alucinógenos aparece de forma cíclica, aunque se ha incrementado su oferta on-line. Se consumen buscando sus efectos alucinógenos sobre todo los pertenecientes a la familia de los psilocybes, los cuales contienen triptaminas con efecto alucinógeno, similar al LSD. El peyote (Lophophora williamsii), cactus rico en mescalina (trimet oxifeniletilamina), produce alucinaciones de los cinco sentidos, y forma parte de la cultura religiosa de los indios norteamericanos. Las daturas, de gran ubicuidad, producen un cuadro anticolinérgico y efectos sobre el sistema nervioso central (delirios, alucinaciones, etc), por su alto contenido en atropina y escopolamina. Otras sustancia utilizadas por sus efectos alucinatorios incluyen la bebida conocida como ayahuasca, y semillas para preparación de infusiones como el Ololiuqui, la Gloria de la mañana (Ipomoea violacea), la Rosa de Hawai (Argyreia nervosa), la Ruda borde (Peganum harmala), y la Iboga (Tabernan the iboga) (AU)

An increase in the consumption of vegetable substances with a hallucinogenic effect has been observed. Some of these substances are associated with ancestral religious ceremonies, while many of them are legal or are partially regulated. Salvia divinorum is a powerful kappa receptor agonist, with dissociative and hallucinogenic properties, which startquickly and have a short duration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa) has mitragynine as its principal alkaloid, with stimulating effects at low doses (coke-like effect), and sedative effects(opiate-like effect) at high doses. Several deaths from its consumption have been detected. The consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms appears in cyclic form, although there has been increase in their online offer. They are consumed in search of their hallucinogenic effects, above all those belonging to the family of psilocybes, which contain tryptamines with a hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD. Peyote (Lophophora psilocybes), a cactus rich in mescaline (trimet oxifeniletilamina),produces hallucinations of the five senses, and forms part of the religious culture of the North American Indians. Daturas, which are ubiquitous, produce anticholinergic symptoms and effects on the central nervous system (delirium, hallucinations, etc.), due to their high atropineand scopolamine content. Other substances used for their hallucinogenic effects include the drink known as ayahuasca, and seeds for preparing infusions like Ololiuqui, Morning Glory (Ipomoea violacea), Hawaian Baby Wood rose (Argyreia nervosa), Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala) and Iboga Rootbark (Tabernan the iboga) (AU)

[Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms]. / Drogas emergentes (III): plantas y hongos alucinógenos.

An increase in the consumption of vegetable substances with a hallucinogenic effect has been observed. Some of these substances are associated with ancestral religious ceremonies, while many of them are legal or are partially regulated. Salvia divinorum is a powerful kappa receptor agonist, with dissociative and hallucinogenic properties, which start quickly and have a short duration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa) has mitragynine as its principal alkaloid, with stimulating effects at low doses (coke-like effect), and sedative effects (opiate-like effect) at high doses. Several deaths from its consumption have been detected. The consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms appears in cyclic form, although there has been increase in their online offer. They are consumed in search of their hallucinogenic effects, above all those belonging to the family of psilocybes, which contain tryptamines with a hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD. Peyote (Lophophora psilocybes), a cactus rich in mescaline (trimetoxifeniletilamina), produces hallucinations of the five senses, and forms part of the religious culture of the North American Indians. Daturas, which are ubiquitous, produce anticholinergic symptoms and effects on the central nervous system (delirium, hallucinations, etc.), due to their high atropine and scopolamine content. Other substances used for their hallucinogenic effects include the drink known as ayahuasca, and seeds for preparing infusions like Ololiuqui, Morning Glory (Ipomoea violacea), Hawaian Baby Woodrose (Argyreia nervosa), Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala) and Iboga Rootbark (Tabernanthe iboga).

Mapping the core of the Arabidopsis circadian clock defines the network structure of the oscillator.

In many organisms, the circadian clock is composed of functionally coupled morning and evening oscillators. In Arabidopsis, oscillator coupling relies on a core loop in which the evening oscillator component TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) was proposed to activate a subset of morning-expressed oscillator genes. Here, we show that TOC1 does not function as an activator but rather as a general repressor of oscillator gene expression. Repression occurs through TOC1 rhythmic association to the promoters of the oscillator genes. Hormone-dependent induction of TOC1 and analysis of RNA interference plants show that TOC1 prevents the activation of morning-expressed genes at night. Our study overturns the prevailing model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing that the morning and evening oscillator loops are connected through the repressing activity of TOC1.

Enfermedad arterial periférica e infección por virus inmunodeficiencia humana / Peripheral artery disease and HIV infection

Con el descenso en morbimortalidad por la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral combinado de gran actividad (TARGA), la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se ha convertido en una «afectación crónica». Patologías como la aterosclerosis arterial han aumentado su protagonismo entre estos pacientes. Hay evidencia de que los pacientes infectados por el VIH tienen una elevada prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares que se atribuye a factores propios de la infección y de su tratamiento. Hemos querido realizar una revisión de la posible elevada prevalencia de enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) en pacientes positivos para el VIH y de los distintos métodos utilizados para su diagnóstico. Hay pocos estudios para concluir, pero algunos muestran una mayor prevalencia de EAP en pacientes positivos para el VIH. Se han utilizado métodos de diagnóstico no invasivo como el índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) o el engrosamiento íntima-media (EIM) para el diagnóstico objetivo y el test de Edimburgo para la detección de pacientes sintomáticos(AU)

Thanks to the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the morbidity-mortality in HIV patients is now lower, and this infection has now become a «chronic disease». Diseases such as arterial atherosclerosis have increased in these patients. There is evidence that HIV infected patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. It may be related to the viral infection and its treatment. We attempt to review the possible high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in HIV infected patients and the different diagnostic methods. Although there are not enough studies, some of them show a higher prevalence of PAD in HIV+ patients. The diagnostic methods were ankle-brachial index (ABI) and the intima-media thickness for the objective diagnosis and the Edinburgh test for the symptomatic patients(AU)

Filtro de vena cava inferior como estrategia plausible para el ictus isquémico paradójico / Inferior vena cava filter as a feasible strategy for paradoxical ischaemic stroke

No disponible

[Emergent drugs (I): smart drugs]. / Drogas emergentes (I): las "smart drugs"

In recent years, a series of new drugs, known as smart drugs or legal highs, have gaining in popularity. They are easily obtainable through online shops. This is happening amongst younger segments of the population and is associated with recreational consumption, at weekends. In general, they are synthetic derivatives of natural products. There has been hardly any clinical research into them and they are not detectable in hospital laboratories. Three of these products, BZP (1- benzylpiperazine), mefedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and Spice are probably the most widely used in Europe. The first two are consumed as an alternative to ecstasy and cocaine and are characterized by their producing a clinical profile of a sympathetic mimetic type; on occasion, they have serious consequences, with convulsions and even death. Spice (a mixture of herbs with synthetic cannabinoids such as JWH-018, JWH-073 and CP 47497-C8) is giving rise to profiles of dependence and schizophrenia. Although the emergent drugs have an aura of safety, there is an increasing amount of experience on their secondary effects.

Pharmacokinetic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs.

Monitoring plasma levels of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment and prophylaxis of epilepsy is one of the strategies enabling clinical results to improve by reducing adverse affects and increasing effectiveness. The objective of this article is to review the basic aspects in the monitoring of antiepileptic drugs using a consensus document prepared and endorsed by the pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics working group (PK.gen) of the Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacists).

Shock séptico por Pasteurella multocida / No disponible

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